1 Babban Aikace-aikacen
Roving ɗin da mutane ke haɗuwa da shi a rayuwar yau da kullun yana da tsari mai sauƙi kuma an yi shi da monofilaments masu layi ɗaya waɗanda aka tattara zuwa tarin. Roving ɗin da ba a juya ba za a iya raba shi zuwa nau'i biyu: mara alkali da matsakaici-alkali, waɗanda galibi ana bambanta su bisa ga bambancin abun da ke cikin gilashi. Domin samar da gilashin da aka cancanta, diamita na zare-zaren gilashin da aka yi amfani da su ya kamata ya kasance tsakanin 12 da 23 μm. Saboda halayensa, ana iya amfani da shi kai tsaye wajen ƙirƙirar wasu kayan haɗin gwiwa, kamar hanyoyin naɗewa da pultrusion. Kuma ana iya saka shi cikin yadi mai juyawa, galibi saboda tsananin tashin hankali. Bugu da ƙari, fannin amfani da roving ɗin da aka yanka shi ma yana da faɗi sosai.
1.1.1Juyawa ba tare da juyawa ba don jetting
A cikin tsarin gyaran allurar FRP, dole ne a yi amfani da injin juyawa mara juyawa wanda ba ya jujjuyawa don samun waɗannan halaye:
(1) Tunda ana buƙatar ci gaba da yankewa a cikin samarwa, ya zama dole a tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin wutar lantarki mai tsauri ake samarwa yayin yankewa, wanda ke buƙatar kyakkyawan aikin yankewa.
(2) Bayan yankewa, ana tabbatar da cewa za a samar da siliki mai ɗanye gwargwadon iko, don haka ingancin siliki yana da yawa. Ingancin watsewa cikin zare bayan yankewa ya fi girma.
(3) Bayan an yanka, domin a tabbatar da cewa zaren da ba a iya rufe shi gaba ɗaya a kan mold ɗin, dole ne zaren da ba a iya rufe shi da kyau ya kasance yana da kyakkyawan rufin fim.
(4) Domin ana buƙatar ya zama mai sauƙin birgima don fitar da kumfa daga iska, ana buƙatar ya shiga cikin resin da sauri.
(5) Saboda nau'ikan bindigogin feshi daban-daban, domin su dace da nau'ikan bindigogin feshi daban-daban, a tabbatar da cewa kauri na wayar da ba ta da amfani ya yi daidai.
1.1.2Roving mara Twistless don SMC
Ana iya ganin SMC, wanda aka fi sani da haɗin zanen takarda, a ko'ina a rayuwa, kamar sanannun sassan motoci, baho da kujeru daban-daban waɗanda ke amfani da SMC roving. A cikin samarwa, akwai buƙatu da yawa don roving ga SMC. Yana da mahimmanci a tabbatar da kyakkyawan choppiness, kyawawan kaddarorin antistatic, da ƙarancin ulu don tabbatar da cewa takardar SMC da aka samar ta cancanta. Ga SMC mai launi, buƙatun roving sun bambanta, kuma dole ne ya kasance mai sauƙin shiga cikin resin tare da abun ciki na pigment. Yawanci, roving ɗin fiberglass SMC na yau da kullun shine 2400tex, kuma akwai wasu lokuta inda yake 4800tex.
1.1.3Juyin Juya Hali mara Layi don Juyawa
Domin yin bututun FRP masu kauri daban-daban, hanyar naɗe tankin ajiya ta samo asali. Don naɗewa don naɗewa, dole ne ya kasance yana da halaye masu zuwa.
(1) Dole ne ya zama mai sauƙin yin tef, yawanci a siffar tef mai faɗi.
(2) Tunda babban abin hawa mara juyawa yana iya faɗuwa daga madauri lokacin da aka cire shi daga bobbin, dole ne a tabbatar da cewa lalacewarsa tana da kyau, kuma silikin da ya haifar ba zai iya zama datti kamar gidan tsuntsu ba.
(3) Ba za a iya samun tashin hankali ba kwatsam ko babba, kuma abin da ke faruwa na wuce gona da iri ba zai iya faruwa ba.
(4) Bukatar yawan layi don roving mara jujjuyawa shine ya zama iri ɗaya kuma ƙasa da ƙimar da aka ƙayyade.
(5) Domin tabbatar da cewa yana da sauƙin jika shi lokacin da yake ratsawa ta cikin tankin resin, ana buƙatar izinin shiga na'urar don ta kasance mai kyau.
1.1.4Yin roving don pultrusion
Ana amfani da tsarin pultrusion sosai wajen ƙera siffofi daban-daban tare da sassa daban-daban masu daidaito. Roving don pultrusion dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa yawan zarensa na gilashi da ƙarfinsa na unidirectional suna cikin babban mataki. Roving don pultrusion da ake amfani da shi wajen samarwa haɗuwa ce ta zare da yawa na siliki da ba a sarrafa ba, kuma wasu kuma na iya zama roving kai tsaye, waɗanda duka biyun suna yiwuwa. Sauran buƙatun aikinsu sun yi kama da na rovings masu lanƙwasa.
1.1.5 Roving mara Twistless don saka
A rayuwar yau da kullum, muna ganin masaku masu kauri daban-daban ko masaku masu juyawa a hanya ɗaya, waɗanda su ne misalin wani muhimmin amfani da roving, wanda ake amfani da shi don saka. Ana kuma kiran roving da roving don saka. Yawancin waɗannan masaku ana haskaka su a cikin gyaran hannu na FRP. Don saƙa roving, dole ne a cika waɗannan buƙatu:
(1) Yana da juriya ga lalacewa.
(2) Mai sauƙin amfani da tef.
(3) Domin galibi ana amfani da shi don saka, dole ne a sami matakin bushewa kafin saka.
(4) Dangane da tashin hankali, galibi ana tabbatar da cewa ba zai iya zama babba ko ƙarami ba kwatsam, kuma dole ne a kiyaye shi iri ɗaya. Kuma a cika wasu sharuɗɗa dangane da hawa.
(5) Rashin kunya ya fi kyau.
(6) Yana da sauƙin shiga cikin resin lokacin da yake ratsawa ta cikin tankin resin, don haka dole ne ya kasance mai kyau.
1.1.6 Juyawa mara juyawa don preform
Gabaɗaya, abin da ake kira preform tsari ne da ake yi kafin a fara samar da shi, kuma ana samun samfurin bayan matakai masu dacewa. A lokacin samarwa, da farko muna yanke roving ɗin, sannan mu fesa roving ɗin da aka yanka a kan raga, inda raga dole ne ya zama raga mai siffar da aka riga aka tsara. Sannan a fesa resin don siffanta shi. A ƙarshe, ana saka samfurin da aka siffanta a cikin mold ɗin, sannan a allura resin sannan a matse shi da zafi don samun samfurin. Bukatun aiki na preform rovings iri ɗaya ne da na jet rovings.
1.2 Yadin da aka yi da fiber na gilashi
Akwai masaku da yawa da ake amfani da su wajen yin roving, kuma gingham yana ɗaya daga cikinsu. A cikin tsarin FRP na saka hannu, ana amfani da gingham sosai a matsayin mafi mahimmancin substrate. Idan kuna son ƙara ƙarfin gingham, to kuna buƙatar canza alkiblar yadin da aka saka, wanda za'a iya mayar da shi gingham mai kusurwa ɗaya. Domin tabbatar da ingancin masaku mai kyau, dole ne a tabbatar da waɗannan halaye.
(1) Ga masakar, ana buƙatar ta zama lebur gaba ɗaya, ba tare da ƙuraje ba, gefuna da kusurwoyin ya kamata su kasance madaidaiciya, kuma kada a sami alamun datti.
(2) Dole ne tsayi, faɗi, inganci, nauyi da yawan yadin ya cika wasu ƙa'idodi.
(3) Dole ne a naɗe zare na gilashin da kyau.
(4) Domin a iya shigar da resin cikin sauri.
(5) Busasshiyar da danshi na yadi da aka saka a cikin kayayyaki daban-daban dole ne su cika wasu buƙatu.
1.3 Tabarmar fiber gilashi
Da farko a yanka zaren gilashin a yayyafa su a kan bel ɗin raga da aka shirya. Sannan a yayyafa abin ɗaurewa a kai, a dumama shi har ya narke, sannan a sanyaya shi ya yi ƙarfi, sannan a samar da tabarmar zaren da aka yanke. Ana amfani da tabarmar zaren zaren da aka yanka a cikin tsarin ajiye hannu da kuma a cikin saƙa membranes na SMC. Domin cimma mafi kyawun amfani da tabarmar zaren da aka yanka, a lokacin samarwa, buƙatun tabarmar zaren da aka yanka sune kamar haka.
(1) Duk tabarmar da aka yanka ta yi daidai kuma daidai.
(2) Ramukan tabarmar da aka yanka ƙanana ne kuma girmansu iri ɗaya ne.
(4) Cika wasu ƙa'idodi.
(5) Ana iya cika shi da resin da sauri.
1.3.2 Tabarmar zare mai ci gaba
Ana sanya zaren gilashin a kan bel ɗin raga bisa ga wasu buƙatu. Gabaɗaya, mutane sun ƙayyade cewa ya kamata a shimfiɗa su a cikin adadi na 8. Sannan a yayyafa manne na foda a saman sannan a dafa don ya warke. Tabarmar zare mai ci gaba ta fi tabarmar zare da aka yanka wajen ƙarfafa kayan haɗin, galibi saboda zaren gilashin da ke cikin tabarmar zare mai ci gaba suna ci gaba. Saboda ingantaccen tasirinsa na haɓakawa, an yi amfani da shi a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban.
1.3.3Mat ɗin saman
Amfani da tabarmar saman abu ne da aka saba yi a rayuwar yau da kullum, kamar layin resin na kayayyakin FRP, wanda shine tabarmar saman gilashin alkali matsakaiciya. Ka ɗauki misali da FRP, saboda tabarmar samanta an yi ta ne da gilashin alkali matsakaiciya, yana sa FRP ta kasance mai daidaito a sinadarai. A lokaci guda, saboda tabarmar saman tana da sauƙi da siriri, tana iya shan ƙarin resin, wanda ba wai kawai zai iya taka rawa ta kariya ba har ma yana taka rawa mai kyau.
1.3.4Tabarmar allura
Tabarmar allura galibi an raba ta gida biyu, rukuni na farko shine yanka allurar zare. Tsarin samarwa yana da sauƙi, da farko a yanka zaren gilashin, girmansa ya kai kimanin santimita 5, a yayyafa shi bazuwar a kan kayan tushe, sannan a sanya substrate a kan bel ɗin jigilar kaya, sannan a huda substrate ɗin da allurar zare, saboda tasirin allurar zare. Ana huda zaren cikin substrate ɗin sannan a sa su samar da tsari mai girma uku. Substrate ɗin da aka zaɓa yana da wasu buƙatu kuma dole ne ya kasance yana da laushi. Ana amfani da kayayyakin tabarmar allura sosai a cikin kayan kariya mai sauti da kariya ta zafi bisa ga halayensu. Tabbas, ana iya amfani da shi a cikin FRP, amma ba a shahara da shi ba saboda samfurin da aka samu yana da ƙarancin ƙarfi kuma yana iya karyewa. Wani nau'in ana kiransa tabarmar zare mai cike da filament, kuma tsarin samarwa shi ma mai sauƙi ne. Da farko, ana jefa filament ɗin bazuwar a kan bel ɗin raga da aka shirya a gaba tare da na'urar jefa waya. Hakazalika, ana ɗaukar allurar zare don acupuncture don samar da tsarin zare mai girma uku. A cikin thermoplastics na gilashin da aka ƙarfafa, ana amfani da tabarmar allurar zare mai ci gaba da kyau.
Za a iya canza zare-zaren gilashin da aka yanka zuwa siffofi biyu daban-daban a cikin wani takamaiman tsayi ta hanyar aikin dinkin injin dinki. Na farko shine ya zama tabarmar zare da aka yanka, wanda zai maye gurbin tabarmar zare da aka yanka da aka ɗaure da madauri. Na biyu shine tabarmar zare mai tsayi, wacce ke maye gurbin tabarmar zare mai ci gaba. Waɗannan nau'ikan guda biyu daban-daban suna da fa'ida iri ɗaya. Ba sa amfani da manne a cikin tsarin samarwa, suna guje wa gurɓatawa da ɓarna, da kuma gamsar da burin mutane na adana albarkatu da kare muhalli.
1.4 Zaren da aka niƙa
Tsarin samar da zare mai laushi abu ne mai sauƙi. Ɗauki injin niƙa mai guduma ko injin niƙa mai ƙwallo ka saka zare masu yanke a ciki. Zaren niƙa da niƙa suma suna da amfani da yawa a samarwa. A cikin tsarin allurar amsawa, zaren da aka niƙa yana aiki azaman kayan ƙarfafawa, kuma aikinsa ya fi na sauran zaren kyau. Domin guje wa tsagewa da inganta raguwar amfani da kayayyakin siminti da aka ƙera, ana iya amfani da zaren da aka niƙa azaman cikawa.
1.5 Yadin fiberglass
1.5.1Zane na gilashi
Yana cikin wani nau'in masana'anta na fiber gilashi. Ana samar da zanen gilashi a wurare daban-daban yana da ma'auni daban-daban. A fannin zanen gilashi a ƙasata, galibi an raba shi zuwa nau'i biyu: zanen gilashi mara alkali da zanen gilashin alkali matsakaici. Ana iya cewa amfani da zanen gilashi yana da faɗi sosai, kuma ana iya ganin jikin abin hawa, kwanyar, tankin ajiya na gama gari, da sauransu a cikin hoton zanen gilashi mara alkali. Ga zanen gilashin alkali matsakaici, juriyarsa ta tsatsa ta fi kyau, don haka ana amfani da shi sosai wajen samar da marufi da samfuran da ke jure tsatsa. Don tantance halayen masana'antar fiber gilashi, ya zama dole a fara daga fannoni huɗu, halayen zaren kanta, tsarin zaren gilashi, alkiblar zaren da zaren da zaren da zaren da zaren. A alkiblar zaren da ...
Ribon Gilashi 1.5.2
Ribon gilashi galibi an raba shi zuwa rukuni biyu, nau'in farko shine selvedge, na biyu kuma shine selvedge mara sakawa, wanda aka saka bisa ga tsarin saƙa mai sauƙi. Ana iya amfani da ribon gilashi don sassan lantarki waɗanda ke buƙatar manyan halayen dielectric. Sassan kayan aikin lantarki masu ƙarfi.
1.5.3 Yadi mai jagora ɗaya
Ana saka masaku marasa hanya ɗaya a rayuwar yau da kullun daga zare biyu masu kauri daban-daban, kuma masaku masu sakamakon suna da ƙarfi sosai a babban alkibla.
1.5.4 Yadi mai girma uku
Yadin mai girma uku ya bambanta da tsarin yadin jirgin sama, yana da girma uku, don haka tasirinsa ya fi na babban zaren jirgin sama. Kayan haɗin da aka ƙarfafa fiber mai girma uku yana da fa'idodi waɗanda sauran kayan haɗin da aka ƙarfafa fiber ba su da su. Saboda zaren yana da girma uku, tasirin gabaɗaya ya fi kyau, kuma juriyar lalacewa yana ƙaruwa. Tare da ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha, ƙaruwar buƙatarsa a fannin sararin samaniya, motoci da jiragen ruwa ya sa wannan fasaha ta ƙara girma, kuma yanzu ma tana da matsayi a fannin wasanni da kayan aikin likita. Nau'ikan yadin masu girma uku galibi an raba su zuwa rukuni biyar, kuma akwai siffofi da yawa. Ana iya ganin cewa sararin haɓaka yadin masu girma uku yana da girma.
1.5.5 Yadi mai siffar siffa
Ana amfani da yadi mai siffar siffa don ƙarfafa kayan haɗin gwiwa, kuma siffarsu ta dogara ne akan siffar abin da za a ƙarfafa, kuma, don tabbatar da bin ƙa'ida, dole ne a saka shi a kan injin da aka keɓe. A cikin samarwa, za mu iya yin siffofi masu daidaitawa ko marasa daidaituwa tare da ƙarancin iyakoki da kyakkyawan fata.
1.5.6 Yadin da aka yi wa ado da core
Ƙirƙirar yadin tsakiyar ramin ma abu ne mai sauƙi. Ana sanya yadudduka biyu a layi ɗaya, sannan a haɗa su da sandunan tsaye a tsaye, kuma an tabbatar da cewa yankunan da ke haɗa su sun zama alwatika ko murabba'ai na yau da kullun.
1.5.7 Yadin da aka dinka na fiberglass
Yadi ne na musamman, mutane kuma suna kiransa da tabarma mai saƙa da tabarma mai laushi, amma ba shine yadi da tabarma kamar yadda muka san ta a ma'anar da aka saba ba. Ya kamata a ambaci cewa akwai yadi da aka dinka, wanda ba a saka shi tare da tabarmar da aka dinka ba, amma ana haɗa shi da tabarmar da aka dinka. :
1.5.8 Hannun rufe fuska na fiberglass
Tsarin samarwa abu ne mai sauƙi. Da farko, ana zaɓar wasu zare na gilashi, sannan a saka su cikin siffar bututu. Sannan, bisa ga buƙatun daban-daban na rufin, ana yin samfuran da ake so ta hanyar shafa su da resin.
1.6 Haɗin zare na gilashi
Tare da saurin ci gaban baje kolin kimiyya da fasaha, fasahar fiber gilashi ta kuma samu ci gaba mai mahimmanci, kuma samfuran fiber gilashi daban-daban sun bayyana daga 1970 zuwa yanzu. Gabaɗaya akwai waɗannan:
(1) Tabarmar zare da aka yanka + tabarmar da ba ta karkata ba + tabarmar zare da aka yanka
(2) Yadin da ba a murɗe ba + tabarmar zare da aka yanka
(3) Tabarmar zare da aka yanka + tabarmar zare mai ci gaba + tabarmar zare da aka yanka
(4) Tabarmar da ba a saba gani ba + tabarmar da aka yanka ta asali
(5) Zaren carbon mai gefe ɗaya + tabarmar zare ko zane da aka yanka
(6) Tabarmar saman da zare da aka yanka
(7) Gilashin zane + siraran sandar gilashi ko kuma na'urar tafiya mai kusurwa ɗaya + gilashin zane
1.7 Yadi mara sakawa da zare na gilashi
Ba a fara gano wannan fasaha a ƙasata ba. An samar da fasahar farko a Turai. Daga baya, saboda ƙaura daga mutane, an kawo wannan fasaha zuwa Amurka, Koriya ta Kudu da sauran ƙasashe. Domin haɓaka ci gaban masana'antar zare na gilashi, ƙasata ta kafa masana'antu da yawa kuma ta zuba jari sosai wajen kafa layukan samarwa masu girma. A ƙasata, galibi ana raba tabarmar da aka yi da zare na gilashi zuwa rukuni kamar haka:
(1) Tabarmar rufin gida tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta halayen membranes na asfalt da kuma shingles masu launi, wanda hakan ke sa su zama mafi kyau.
(2) Tabarmar bututu: Kamar sunan, wannan samfurin galibi ana amfani da shi a bututun mai. Saboda zare na gilashi yana da juriya ga tsatsa, yana iya kare bututun mai daga tsatsa.
(3) Ana amfani da tabarmar saman saman akan saman samfuran FRP don kare shi.
(4) Ana amfani da tabarmar veneer galibi a bango da rufi domin tana iya hana fenti fashewa yadda ya kamata. Tana iya sa bangon ya fi faɗi kuma ba sai an gyara shi ba tsawon shekaru da yawa.
(5) Ana amfani da tabarmar bene a matsayin kayan tushe a cikin benayen PVC
(6) Tabarmar kafet; a matsayin kayan tushe a cikin kafet.
(7) Tabarmar laminate mai lulluɓe da tagulla da aka haɗa da laminate mai lulluɓe da tagulla na iya ƙara ƙarfinsa da kuma haƙa shi.
2 Takamaiman aikace-aikacen zaren gilashi
2.1 Ka'idar ƙarfafawa ta simintin da aka ƙarfafa da zaren gilashi
Ka'idar simintin da aka ƙarfafa zaren gilashi ya yi kama da na kayan haɗin da aka ƙarfafa zaren gilashi. Da farko, ƙara zaren gilashi a kan simintin, zaren gilashi zai ɗauki nauyin damuwa na ciki na kayan, don jinkirta ko hana faɗaɗa ƙananan fasa. A lokacin ƙirƙirar fasa siminti, kayan da ke aiki a matsayin haɗaka zai hana faruwar fasa. Idan tasirin haɗaka ya yi kyau, fasa ba za su iya faɗaɗawa da shiga ba. Matsayin zaren gilashi a cikin siminti yana da ƙarfi, wanda zai iya hana samarwa da faɗaɗa fasa yadda ya kamata. Lokacin da fashewar ta bazu zuwa kusa da zaren gilashi, zaren gilashi zai toshe ci gaban fashewar, don haka yana tilasta fashewar ta juya, kuma daidai da haka, za a ƙara yankin faɗaɗa fashewar, don haka za a ƙara kuzarin da ake buƙata don lalacewa.
2.2 Tsarin lalata simintin da aka ƙarfafa da zaren gilashi
Kafin simintin da aka ƙarfafa da zaren gilashi ya karye, ƙarfin da yake ɗauka yana da alaƙa da siminti da zaren gilashi. A lokacin fashewar, matsin zai kasance daga siminti zuwa zaren gilashi da ke kusa. Idan ƙarfin simintin ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa, zaren gilashin zai lalace, kuma hanyoyin lalacewa galibi sune lalacewar yanke, lalacewar tashin hankali, da lalacewar ja.
2.2.1 Lalacewar yankewa
Matsalar yankewa da simintin da aka ƙarfafa da zaren gilashi ke ɗauke da shi, zaren gilashi da simintin ne ke raba su, kuma za a tura matsin yankewa zuwa zaren gilashi ta hanyar simintin, ta yadda tsarin zaren gilashi zai lalace. Duk da haka, zaren gilashi yana da nasa fa'idodi. Yana da tsayin tsayi da ƙaramin yanki mai juriya ga yankewa, don haka inganta juriyar yankewa na zaren gilashi yana da rauni.
2.2.2 Rashin ƙarfin lantarki
Idan ƙarfin taurin zaren gilashi ya fi wani mataki, zaren gilashin zai karye. Idan simintin simintin ya fashe, zaren gilashin zai yi tsayi sosai saboda nakasar taurin, ƙarar gefensa zai ragu, kuma ƙarfin taurin zai karye da sauri.
2.2.3 Lalacewar Ja-kafa
Da zarar simintin ya karye, ƙarfin taurin zaren gilashi zai ƙaru sosai, kuma ƙarfin taurin zai fi ƙarfin da ke tsakanin zaren gilashi da siminti, ta yadda zaren gilashin zai lalace sannan a cire shi.
2.3 Simintin da aka ƙarfafa da zaren gilashi ya ƙaru
Lokacin da simintin da aka ƙarfafa ya ɗauki nauyin, za a raba lanƙwasa na matsin lamba zuwa matakai uku daban-daban daga nazarin injiniya, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoton. Mataki na farko: nakasar roba tana faruwa da farko har sai fashewar farko ta faru. Babban fasalin wannan matakin shine nakasar tana ƙaruwa a layi har zuwa maki A, wanda ke wakiltar ƙarfin fashewar farko na simintin da aka ƙarfafa na zaren gilashi. Mataki na biyu: da zarar simintin ya fashe, nauyin da yake ɗauka zai koma zaruruwan da ke kusa da shi don ɗauka, kuma ana ƙayyade ƙarfin ɗaukar nauyin bisa ga zaren gilashin da kansa da ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa tare da simintin. Mataki na B shine ƙarfin lanƙwasa na simintin da aka ƙarfafa na zaren gilashi. Mataki na uku: isa ga ƙarfin ƙarshe, zaren gilashin ya karye ko ya ja, kuma sauran zaruruwan har yanzu suna iya ɗaukar wani ɓangare na nauyin don tabbatar da cewa karyewar karyewa ba za ta faru ba.
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Lokacin Saƙo: Yuli-06-2022
