Labarai

Ci gabanunsaturated polyester gudurosamfuran suna da tarihin fiye da shekaru 70. A cikin irin wannan ɗan gajeren lokaci, samfuran resin polyester mara kyau sun haɓaka cikin sauri dangane da fitarwa da matakin fasaha. Tun da tsoffin samfuran guduro na polyester marasa ƙarfi sun haɓaka zuwa ɗayan manyan nau'ikan a cikin masana'antar guduro na thermosetting. A lokacin haɓaka resins na polyester unsaturated, bayanan fasaha game da haƙƙin samfuran, mujallu na kasuwanci, littattafan fasaha, da sauransu suna fitowa ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Ya zuwa yanzu, akwai ɗaruruwan haƙƙin ƙirƙira a kowace shekara, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da resin polyester mara kyau. Ana iya ganin cewa samarwa da fasahar aikace-aikace na resin polyester unsaturated ya zama mafi girma tare da ci gaban samarwa, kuma a hankali ya kafa nasa na musamman da cikakken tsarin fasaha na samarwa da ka'idar aikace-aikacen. A cikin tsarin ci gaba da ya gabata, resins na polyester mara kyau sun ba da gudummawa ta musamman ga amfani gabaɗaya. A nan gaba, za ta ci gaba zuwa wasu fannoni na musamman, kuma a lokaci guda, za a rage farashin resins na gaba ɗaya. Wadannan sune wasu abubuwan ban sha'awa kuma masu ban sha'awa nau'ikan guduro na polyester mara kyau, gami da: ƙarancin guduro mai ƙyalli, guduro mai ɗaukar wuta, guduro mai ƙarfi, guduro mai ƙarancin styrene, guduro mai jure lalata, guduro gashin gel, guduro haske mai warkarwa mara kyau na polyester resins, resins mai rahusa. tare da kaddarorin musamman, da manyan yatsun bishiyar da aka haɗa tare da sabbin kayan albarkatun ƙasa da matakai.

1. Low shrinkage guduro

Wannan nau'in guduro na iya zama tsohon batu kawai. Gudun polyester wanda ba shi da tushe yana tare da babban raguwa yayin warkewa, kuma ƙimar ƙarar ƙarar gabaɗaya ita ce 6-10%. Wannan shrinkage yana iya lalacewa sosai ko ma fashe kayan, ba a cikin tsarin gyare-gyaren matsawa ba (SMC, BMC). Don shawo kan wannan gazawar, yawanci ana amfani da resin thermoplastic azaman ƙaramar ƙaranci. An ba da takardar izini a wannan yanki ga DuPont a cikin 1934, lambar haƙƙin mallaka US 1.945,307. Tabbacin ya bayyana copolymerization na dibasic antelopelic acid tare da mahadi na vinyl. A bayyane yake, a lokacin, wannan lamban kira ya fara yin ƙananan fasahar raguwa don resin polyester. Tun daga wannan lokacin, mutane da yawa sun sadaukar da kansu don nazarin tsarin copolymer, wanda a lokacin ana la'akari da su a matsayin alluran filastik. A cikin 1966 an fara amfani da resins masu ƙarancin raguwa na Marco wajen yin gyare-gyare da kuma samar da masana'antu.

Ƙungiyar Masana'antun Filastik daga baya ta kira wannan samfurin "SMC", wanda ke nufin fili mai gyare-gyaren takarda, kuma ƙananan ƙarancinsa na premix "BMC" yana nufin fili mai gyare-gyare. Don zanen gado na SMC, ana buƙatar gabaɗaya cewa sassan da aka ƙera resin suna da kyakkyawar juriya mai dacewa, sassauƙa da kyalli na A-grade, kuma ya kamata a guji ƙananan fashe-fashe a saman, wanda ke buƙatar resin da ya dace don samun ƙarancin raguwa. Tabbas, yawancin haƙƙin mallaka tun daga lokacin ingantawa da haɓaka wannan fasaha, kuma fahimtar tsarin tasirin ƙarancin raguwa a hankali ya balaga, kuma wasu ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta sun fito kamar yadda lokutan ke buƙata. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su na ƙaramar raguwa sune polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate da makamantansu.

drtgf (1) 2.Flame retardant guduro

Wani lokaci kayan da ke hana wuta suna da mahimmanci kamar ceton miyagun ƙwayoyi, kuma kayan da ke hana wuta na iya gujewa ko rage aukuwar bala'i. A Turai, adadin mutuwar gobara ya ragu da kusan kashi 20 cikin 100 a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata saboda amfani da abubuwan kashe wuta. Tsaron kayan kare wuta da kansa shima yana da mahimmanci. Yana da jinkirin da wahala don daidaita nau'in kayan da ake amfani da su a masana'antu. A halin yanzu, Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai tana da kuma tana gudanar da kimanta haɗarin haɗari akan yawancin tushen halogen da halogen-phosphorus na harshen wuta. , da yawa daga cikinsu za a kammala a tsakanin 2004 da 2006. A halin yanzu, kasar mu gaba daya amfani da chlorine-dauke da ko bromine-dauke da diols ko dibasic acid halogen madadin a matsayin albarkatun kasa shirya reactive harshen resins. Halogen flame retardants za su samar da hayaki mai yawa lokacin konewa, kuma suna tare da tsararrun halide na hydrogen mai matukar fushi. Yawan hayaki da hayaki mai guba da ake samarwa yayin aikin konewa yana haifar da babbar illa ga mutane.

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Fiye da kashi 80% na hadurran gobara na faruwa ne sakamakon hakan. Wani rashin lahani da ke tattare da amfani da sinadarin bromine ko sinadarin hydrogen shi ne cewa za a samar da iskar gas masu lalata da kuma gurɓata muhalli idan aka kone su, wanda zai haifar da lalacewa ga kayan lantarki. Amfani da inorganic harshen retardants irin su hydrated alumina, magnesium, alfarwa, molybdenum mahadi da sauran harshen retardant Additives iya haifar da low hayaki da kuma low toxicity retardant resins, ko da yake suna da bayyanannen tasirin kashe hayaki. Duk da haka, idan adadin inorganic harshen wuta retardant filler ya yi girma da yawa, ba wai kawai danko na guduro zai karu ba, wanda ba shi da amfani don ginawa, amma kuma idan an ƙara yawan adadin ƙarar harshen wuta a cikin guduro, zai yi tasiri. Ƙarfin injiniya da kaddarorin lantarki na guduro bayan warkewa.

A halin yanzu, yawancin haƙƙin mallaka na ƙasashen waje sun ba da rahoton fasahar yin amfani da abubuwan da ke hana harshen wuta na tushen phosphorus don samar da ƙarancin guba da ƙarancin hayaki. Matsalolin harshen wuta na tushen phosphorus suna da babban tasiri na hana wuta. Metaphosphoric acid da aka samar a lokacin konewa za a iya yin polymerized a cikin wani barga na polymer jihar, samar da wani m Layer, rufe surface na konewa abu, ware oxygen, inganta dehydration da carbonization na guduro surface, da kuma samar da carbonized m fim. Ta haka hana konewa kuma a lokaci guda kuma ana iya amfani da abubuwan da ake amfani da su na tushen harshen wuta tare da haɗin halogen flame retardants, wanda ke da tasirin daidaitawa a bayyane. Tabbas, jagorar bincike na gaba na guduro mai kare harshen wuta shine ƙarancin hayaki, ƙarancin guba da ƙarancin farashi. Babban guduro mai kyau ba shi da hayaki, mai guba, ƙananan farashi, ba ya shafar guduro, yana da abubuwan da ke cikin jiki, baya buƙatar ƙara ƙarin kayan aiki, kuma za'a iya samar da shi kai tsaye a cikin masana'anta na resin.

3. Guduro mai tauri

Idan aka kwatanta da ainihin nau'in resin polyester mara kyau, ƙarfin guduro na yanzu an inganta sosai. Koyaya, tare da haɓaka masana'antar ƙasa na resin polyester mara kyau, ana gabatar da ƙarin sabbin buƙatu don aiwatar da guduro mara kyau, musamman dangane da tauri. Gaggawa na resin da ba a daɗe ba bayan warkewa ya kusan zama matsala mai mahimmanci da ke hana haɓakar resin da ba su da yawa. Ko samfurin aikin hannu ne da aka ƙera simintin gyare-gyare ko samfurin gyare-gyare ko rauni, tsayin daka a lokacin hutu ya zama muhimmiyar alama don kimanta ingancin samfuran guduro.

A halin yanzu, wasu masana'antun ƙasashen waje suna amfani da hanyar ƙara cikakken resin don inganta taurin. Kamar ƙara cikakken polyester, styrene-butadiene roba da kuma carboxy-terminated (suo-) styrene-butadiene roba, da dai sauransu., wannan hanya nasa ne na jiki toughing hanya. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da shi don gabatar da toshe polymers a cikin babban sarkar polyester mara kyau, kamar tsarin hanyar sadarwa da ke haɗawa ta hanyar guduro polyester unsaturated da resin epoxy da resin polyurethane, wanda ke haɓaka ƙarfin ƙarfi da ƙarfin tasiri na guduro. , wannan hanyar tauri na cikin hanyar ƙarfafa sinadarai. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da haɗe-haɗe na taurin jiki da taurin sinadarai, kamar haɗa polyester da ba ta da ƙarfin aiki tare da wani abu mai ƙaranci don cimma sassaucin da ake so.

A halin yanzu, an yi amfani da zanen gado na SMC a cikin masana'antar kera motoci saboda nauyin haske, ƙarfin ƙarfi, juriya na lalata, da sassauƙar ƙira. Don mahimman sassa kamar na'urorin mota, kofofin baya, da na waje, ana buƙatar tauri mai kyau, kamar na'urorin waje na mota. Masu gadi na iya tanƙwara baya zuwa iyakacin iyaka kuma su koma ga ainihin surar su bayan ɗan tasiri. Ƙara taurin guduro sau da yawa yana rasa wasu kaddarorin guduro, kamar taurin, ƙarfin sassauƙa, juriyar zafi, da saurin warkewa yayin gini. Haɓaka taurin guduro ba tare da rasa sauran abubuwan da ke cikin resin ba ya zama muhimmin batu a cikin bincike da haɓaka resin polyester mara kyau.

4.Low styrene guduro maras tabbas

A cikin aikin sarrafa resin polyester mara kyau, styrene mai guba zai haifar da babbar illa ga lafiyar ma'aikatan gini. A lokaci guda kuma, styrene yana fitowa cikin iska wanda kuma zai haifar da mummunar gurɓataccen iska. Don haka, hukumomi da yawa suna iyakance adadin styrene da aka halatta a cikin iska na taron samar da kayayyaki. Misali, a Amurka, matakin da aka yarda da shi (matakin bayyanar halal) shine 50ppm, yayin da a Switzerland ƙimar PEL ɗin ta 25ppm, irin wannan ƙananan abun ciki ba shi da sauƙin cimmawa. Dogaro da iska mai ƙarfi shima yana iyakance. A lokaci guda kuma, iska mai ƙarfi kuma zai haifar da asarar styrene daga saman samfurin da kuma jujjuya yawan adadin styrene a cikin iska. Sabili da haka, don nemo hanyar da za a rage haɓakar styrene, daga tushen, har yanzu yana da mahimmanci don kammala wannan aikin a cikin masana'antar samar da resin. Wannan yana buƙatar haɓakar resins na ƙananan styrene (LSE) waɗanda ba sa gurɓata ko ƙasa da gurɓata iska, ko resin polyester mara saturated ba tare da styrene monomers ba.

Rage abun ciki na monomers masu canzawa ya kasance batu ne da masana'antar resin polyester mara kyau ta waje ta haɓaka a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu: (1) hanyar ƙara ƙananan masu hana haɓakawa; (2) Ƙirƙirar resins na polyester unsaturated ba tare da styrene monomers yana amfani da divinyl, vinylmethylbenzene, α-methyl Styrene don maye gurbin vinyl monomers dauke da styrene monomers; (3) Samar da resin polyester unsaturated tare da ƙananan styrene monomers shine a yi amfani da monomers na sama da styrene monomers tare, kamar yin amfani da diallyl phthalate Amfani da manyan vinyl monomers kamar esters da acrylic copolymers tare da styrene monomers: (4) Wata hanyar da za a rage juzu'i na styrene ita ce gabatar da wasu raka'a kamar dicyclopentadiene da abubuwan da suka samo asali a cikin kwarangwal na polyester resin unsaturated, don cimma ƙananan danko, kuma a ƙarshe rage abun ciki na styrene monomer.

A neman hanyar da za a warware matsalar styrene volatilization, shi wajibi ne don comprehensively la'akari da applicability na guduro zuwa data kasance gyare-gyare hanyoyin kamar surface spraying, lamination tsari, SMC gyare-gyaren tsari, farashin albarkatun kasa don masana'antu samar, da kuma dacewa da tsarin guduro. , Resin reactivity, danko, inji Properties na guduro bayan gyare-gyare, da dai sauransu. A cikin ƙasata, babu wani bayyananne doka a kan ƙuntata volatilization na styrene. Duk da haka, tare da inganta rayuwar jama'a da kuma inganta fahimtar mutane game da lafiyarsu da kare muhalli, lokaci ne kawai kafin a buƙaci dokar da ta dace ga kasar da ba ta da amfani kamar mu.

5.lalacewar guduro

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan amfani da resin polyester mara kyau shine juriyar lalatarsu ga sinadarai irin su kaushi na halitta, acid, tushe, da gishiri. Bisa ga gabatarwar ƙwararrun cibiyar sadarwa na resin da ba a yarda da su ba, resins masu jure lalata na yanzu sun kasu kashi kamar haka: (1) nau'in o-benzene; (2) nau'in iso-benzene; (3) nau'in p-benzene; (4) bisphenol A nau'i; (5) Nau'in ester Vinyl; da sauransu irin su nau'in xylene, nau'in mahadi mai ɗauke da halogen, da dai sauransu. Bayan shekaru da yawa na ci gaba da bincike daga ƙarni da yawa na masana kimiyya, an yi nazari sosai game da lalatawar guduro da tsarin juriya na lalata. Ana canza resin ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar gabatar da kwarangwal na kwayoyin da ke da wuya a tsayayya da lalata a cikin resin polyester mara kyau, ko amfani da polyester mara kyau, vinyl ester da isocyanate don samar da tsarin hanyar sadarwa mai shiga tsakani, wanda yake da mahimmanci don inganta juriya na lalata. na guduro. Juriya na lalata yana da tasiri sosai, kuma resin da aka samar ta hanyar hada guduro acid shima zai iya samun mafi kyawun juriya na lalata.

Idan aka kwatanta daepoxy resins,ƙananan farashi da sauƙin sarrafawa na resin polyester unsaturated sun zama babban amfani. A cewar ƙwararrun net ɗin guduro mara kyau, juriyawar gurɓataccen guduro na polyester, musamman juriyar alkali, ya yi ƙasa da na guduro epoxy. Ba za a iya maye gurbin resin epoxy ba. A halin yanzu, haɓakar benayen hana lalata ya haifar da dama da ƙalubale ga resin polyester mara kyau. Sabili da haka, haɓakar resins na anti-corrosion na musamman yana da fa'ida mai fa'ida.

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6.Jel gashi guduro

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Gel gashi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kayan haɗin gwiwa. Ba wai kawai yana taka rawar ado a saman samfuran FRP ba, har ma yana taka rawa wajen juriya na lalacewa, juriyar tsufa da juriyar lalata sinadarai. A cewar masana daga cibiyar sadarwar resin da ba ta da tushe, jagorar ci gaba na guduro gashin gel shine haɓaka guduro gashin gel tare da ƙarancin styrene, bushewar iska mai kyau da juriya mai ƙarfi. Akwai babbar kasuwa don riguna masu jure zafi a cikin resins ɗin gashin gel. Idan an nutsar da kayan FRP a cikin ruwan zafi na dogon lokaci, blisters za su bayyana a saman. A lokaci guda, saboda shigar ruwa a hankali a cikin kayan da aka haɗa, blisters na saman za su faɗaɗa a hankali. Kumburi ba zai shafi kawai bayyanar gashin gel ɗin zai rage yawan ƙarfin samfurin a hankali ba.

Cook Composites and Polymers Co. na Kansas, Amurka, yana amfani da hanyoyin epoxy da glycidyl ether da aka ƙare don kera resin gashin gel tare da ƙarancin danko da kyakkyawan ruwa da juriya. Bugu da kari, kamfanin kuma yana amfani da polyether polyol-gyara da kuma epoxy-kare guduro A (m guduro) da dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) -gyaran guduro B (m guduro) fili, duka biyu da Bayan compounding, da guduro da ruwa juriya ba zai iya. kawai suna da kyakkyawan juriya na ruwa, amma kuma suna da kyau tauri da ƙarfi. Masu narkewa ko wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta suna shiga cikin tsarin kayan FRP ta hanyar gel ɗin gashin gashi, suna zama resin mai jure ruwa tare da ingantattun kaddarorin.

7.Light curing unsaturated polyester guduro

Halayen warkar da haske na guduro polyester mara kyau sune tsawon rayuwar tukunya da saurin warkarwa. Gudun polyester mara ƙarancin ƙima na iya biyan buƙatun don iyakance jujjuyawar styrene ta hanyar warkar da haske. Saboda ci gaban na'urorin daukar hoto da na'urori masu haske, an kafa harsashin haɓakar resins masu ɗaukar hoto. Daban-daban na UV-curable unsaturated polyester resins an samu nasarar ƙera kuma an sanya su cikin samarwa da yawa. Abubuwan kayan abu, aikin aiwatarwa da juriya na lalacewa suna inganta, kuma ana haɓaka haɓakar samarwa ta hanyar amfani da wannan tsari.

8.Low-cost guduro tare da musamman Properties

Irin wannan resins sun haɗa da guduro mai kumfa da resin ruwa. A halin yanzu, ƙarancin makamashin itace yana da haɓakawa a cikin kewayon. Haka kuma akwai karancin kwararrun ma’aikata da ke aiki a masana’antar sarrafa itace, kuma ana kara biyan wadannan ma’aikata albashi. Irin waɗannan yanayi suna haifar da yanayi don robobin injiniya don shiga kasuwar itace. Za a ɓullo da resins ɗin kumfa mara ƙarancin ruwa da resin da ke ɗauke da ruwa a matsayin katako na wucin gadi a cikin masana'antar kayan daki saboda ƙarancin farashi da kaddarorin ƙarfi. Aikace-aikacen zai kasance a hankali a farkon, sannan tare da ci gaba da inganta fasahar sarrafawa, wannan aikace-aikacen za a haɓaka cikin sauri.

Za a iya yin kumfa na polyester mara kyau don yin kumfa mai kumfa waɗanda za a iya amfani da su azaman bangon bango, masu rarraba gidan wanka da aka riga aka kafa, da ƙari. Ƙarfin ƙarfi da ƙarfin filastik mai kumfa tare da resin polyester unsaturated kamar yadda matrix ya fi na PS kumfa; yana da sauƙi don sarrafawa fiye da PVC mai kumfa; Farashin ya yi ƙasa da na filastik polyurethane mai kumfa, kuma ƙari na kashe wuta kuma zai iya sa ya zama mai kashe wuta da kuma hana tsufa. Kodayake fasahar aikace-aikacen guduro ta sami ci gaba sosai, aikace-aikacen resin polyester mai kumfa a cikin kayan daki ba a kula sosai ba. Bayan bincike, wasu masana'antun resin suna da sha'awar haɓaka wannan sabon nau'in kayan. Wasu manyan batutuwa (fatu, tsarin saƙar zuma, dangantakar lokaci-kumfa gel-ƙumfa, kulawar exothermic curve ba a gama warware su ba kafin samar da kasuwanci. Har sai an sami amsa, wannan resin za a iya amfani da shi kawai saboda ƙarancin farashi a cikin masana'antar kayan aiki. Ana magance wadannan matsalolin, za a yi amfani da wannan resin sosai a wurare kamar kayan kare kumfa maimakon amfani da tattalin arzikinsa kawai.

Za a iya raba resins na polyester mai ɗauke da ruwa zuwa nau'i biyu: nau'in mai narkewa da ruwa da nau'in emulsion. Tun farkon shekarun 1960 a ƙasashen waje, an sami takaddun haƙƙin mallaka da rahotannin adabi a wannan yanki. Guduro mai ɗauke da ruwa shine ƙara ruwa a matsayin mai cika resin polyester unsaturated zuwa guduro kafin gel guduro, kuma abun cikin ruwa na iya kaiwa 50%. Ana kiran irin wannan guduro WEP resin. Gudun yana da halaye na ƙananan farashi, nauyi mai sauƙi bayan warkewa, jinkirin harshen wuta mai kyau da ƙananan raguwa. Haɓaka da bincike na resin mai ɗauke da ruwa a ƙasata ya fara ne a cikin 1980s, kuma an daɗe. Dangane da aikace-aikacen, an yi amfani da shi azaman wakili na anga. Gudun polyester mara ruwa mara ruwa sabon nau'in UPR ne. Fasahar da ke cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje tana kara girma, amma akwai karancin bincike kan aikace-aikacen. Matsalolin da ake buƙatar ƙarin warwarewa sune kwanciyar hankali na emulsion, wasu matsaloli a cikin tsari da gyaran fuska, da kuma matsalar amincewar abokin ciniki. Gabaɗaya, resin polyester mara saturated mai nauyin ton 10,000 na iya samar da kusan tan 600 na ruwan sharar gida kowace shekara. Idan an yi amfani da raguwar da aka haifar a cikin tsarin samar da resin polyester mara kyau don samar da resin da ke dauke da ruwa, zai rage farashin resin kuma ya magance matsalar samar da kare muhalli.

Muna hulɗa da samfuran guduro masu zuwa: resin polyester unsaturated;vinyl resin; gel gashi guduro; epoxy guduro.

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